IELTS vocabulary: Cities

This list contains 12 useful B2–C1 words and collocations about cities for Writing Task 2 and Speaking Part 3.

urbanisation noun: The process by which more people move from rural areas to towns and cities.; “Rapid urbanisation in the coastal region of Lenton has overwhelmed local services.”
infrastructure noun: The basic systems and structures (roads, water, electricity, telecommunication) that a city needs to function.; “The city's ageing infrastructure needs investment, especially the storm drains and bridges.”
congestion noun: A state of being crowded, used especially for heavy traffic or overcrowded public spaces.; “Traffic congestion on the main ring road adds two hours to my commute every week.”
public transport noun phrase: Shared transport services such as buses, trains and trams used by the general public.; “Improving public transport would reduce car use and ease congestion in the city centre.”
sustainable development noun phrase: Planning and building in a way that meets present needs without harming the environment or future generations.; “Sustainable development plans include energy-efficient housing and better recycling in new districts.”
green spaces noun phrase: Areas of grass, trees or parks in a city that provide recreation and environmental benefits.; “Residents say more green spaces like pocket parks improve their mental health and community ties.”
gentrification noun: The process where wealthier people move into a poorer area, often causing property prices and rents to rise and displacing original residents.; “Gentrification has pushed many long-term residents out of Old Market as rents doubled in five years.”
mixed-use development noun phrase: A building or area designed for several functions such as housing, shops and offices together.; “The new mixed-use development combines shops, apartments and offices so people can live near work.”
commuter noun: A person who regularly travels between home and work or study, usually over some distance.; “As a commuter from Brookvale, I often rely on the express bus to get to the university.”
high-rise adjective / noun: Describing a tall building (or the building itself) with many floors.; “High-rise apartment blocks dominate the skyline of Port Ashby.”
inner-city adjective: Relating to the central area of a city, often associated with older housing and social challenges.; “Inner-city neighbourhoods can have excellent cultural venues but also higher crime rates.”
pedestrianised adjective: Describing a street or area that has been adapted for pedestrians only, with vehicle access restricted.; “The council made the historic quarter pedestrianised, which boosted weekend footfall for local shops.”